ORAL CANCER:

Oral Cancer: Pathopysiology The term oral cancer includes cancers of the mouth and the pharynx. Several types of tissue make up the mouth and oropharynx. Most cases of oral cancer are because of cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol use or the use of both tobacco and alcohol consumptions. The stage of oral cancer is one of the most important factors in evaluating treatment options. A stage I oral cancer tumor means the primary tumor is 2 cm across or smaller and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites. A stage II oral tumor measures 2–4 cm across and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites. The oral tumor is larger than 4 cm across and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites is stage III. Stage IV is the tumor has invaded deeper areas and/or tissues. Depending on the stage of Oral Cancer the type of surgery is recommended. Tumor resection is an operation to remove the entire tumor. Some normal tissue surrounding the tumor is also removed to ensure that no cancer cells remain in the body.

Orthodontics:

Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, was the first specialty created in the field of dentistry. An orthodontist is a specialist who has undergone special training in a dental school or college after he/she has graduated in dentistry .The specialty deals primarily with the diagnosis, prevention and correction of malpositioned teeth and the jaws. Also commonly known as specialized dentists for braces. Dental braces  are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help to position them with regard to a person's bite, while also working to improve dental health Orthodontics. Retainers  are custom-made devices, usually made of wires or clear plastic, that hold Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices, usually made of wires or clear plastic, that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth. in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth Risks and limitations: Before any active orthodontic treatment is considered it is essential that the oral hygiene is of a high standard and that all carious leions have been dealt with Arch wires, headgears and brackets themselves may cause significant damage either during an active phase of treatment or during debonding.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is an exciting and challenging specialty of Dentistry that combines dental, medical, and surgical knowledge and skills. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the specialty of Dentistry that concentrates on the diagnosis and surgical management of oral and maxillofacial pathologic conditions, including epithelial diseases and mesenchymal disorders of soft and hard tissues.

Restorative Dentistry:

The term "restorative dentistry" refers to the integrated management of oral health problems and restoring the mouth to a functional and esthetic state. While it is not currently recognized as a dental specialty by the American Dental Association, general dentists are able to perform many of these procedures without additional education and certification. It all depends on how difficult the procedure is and what the dentist feels comfortable with. Many of the procedures are also covered by the dental specialty of prosthodontic dentistry, including fillings, veneers, crowns, bridges, full and partial dentures and dental implants.

Cosmetic Dentistry

cosmetic dentistry focuses on improving the appearance of a person's teeth, mouth and smile. cosmetic dentistry provides elective – or desired – treatments or services. Cosmetic dentistry treatments currently in use include Inlays/Onlays, Composite Bonding, Teeth Whitening, Dental Veneers, Dental Implants, Smile Makeover, Full mouth reconstruction.

Periodontics:

Periodontics is that specialty of dentistry which encompasses the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth or their substitutes and the maintenance of the health, function and esthetics of these structures and tissues. The didactic areas of instruction include the normal periodontium at the macro and microscopic level, periodontal pathology including intra-oral lesions associated with periodontal conditions, periodontal microbiology and immunology, pain control and pharmacology applicable to periodontal treatments, cell biology, wound healing including periodontal regeneration, dental implantology, case management, epidemiology and statistics in Periodontology.

Endodontics:

Endodontics is that branch of dentistry, concerned with the morphology, physiology, and pathology of the human tooth, and in particular the dental pulp, root and peri-radicular tissues. The study and practice of endodontics includes the biology of the normal pulp, crown, root and peri-radicular tissues and the aetiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries that affect these tissues.

Dental Marketing

Every interaction between your dental practice and a patient is a component of marketing. In some cases, this will encompass concrete details like the way your office staff answers the phone or the list of services you offer. The need for better dental marketing has increased with the public’s awareness, as well as industry need to develop better services. Because of the flood of information on the internet, average new patient is more aware and educated concerning the aesthetic options available today from a dentist. As a result, a higher quality dentist is being requested that .they have to develop a Comprehensive Marketing Strategy.Dental marketing program is not complete without comprehensive internet marketing. By now, most dental practices posses a fairly upscale website. The next key to your cosmetic dentistry marketing plan is to constantly enhance the user experience of website.

Management of traumatic injuries to children's teeth

Trauma to the primary dentition present special problems and the management is often different as compared with permanent teeth. An appropriate emergency treatment plan is important for a good prognosis. Approximately 30% of children have experienced dental injuries. Injuries to the mouth include teeth that are: knocked out, fractured, forced out of position, pushed up, or loosened. Root fracture and dental bone fractures can also occur. Dentoalveolar trauma may be classified into categories based on treatment protocols. These categories include: dental avulsion, dental luxation and extrusion, enamel and crown fracture, dental intrusion, dental concussion and subluxation, root fracture, and alveolar bone fracture.

Basic science research in pediatric dentistry

Dentistry can be a precise and effective way to perform many dental procedures. The potential for dentistry to improve dental procedures rests in the dentist's ability to control The use of sedation in pediatric dentistry.

Diagnosis/imaging & Use of lasers in children:

Laser dentistry can be a precise and effective way to perform many dental procedures. The potential for laser dentistry to improve dental procedures rests in the dentist's ability to control power output and the duration of exposure on the tissue (whether gum or tooth structure), allowing for treatment of a highly specific area of focus without damaging surrounding tissues.

Dental Hygiene:

Dental hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, caries ,periodontal (gum) diseases and bad breath. A dental hygienist is a licensed dental professional who is registered with a dental association or regulatory body within their country of practice.

Preventive and operative dentistry:

Preventive dentistry is the practice of caring for one's teeth to keep them healthy. This helps to avoid cavities, gum disease, enamel wear, and more. Preventive dentistry prevents people from developing dental problems later on. Cavities, gingivitis, enamel loss, and periodontitis can all be avoided or mitigated with proper dental care. operative dentistry dentistry concerned with restoration of parts of the teeth that are defective as a result of disease, trauma, or abnormal development to a state of normal function, health, and esthetics.